Climate_of_chile

Prevailing winds, sea currents and stationary cyclones near Chile

Vegetation map of Chile

Atacama Desert

Mediterranean climate distribution in the Americas. Note that the map of Chile is turned upsidedown

Image of Conguillio National Park

The climate of Chile comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large geographic scale, extending across 38 degrees in latitude, making generalisations difficult. According to the Köppen system, Chile within its borders hosts at least seven major climatic subtypes, ranging from desert in the north, to alpine tundra and glaciers in the east and southeast, humid subtropical in Easter Island, Oceanic in the south and mediterranean climate in central Chile. There are four seasons in most of the country: summer (December to February), autumn (March to May), winter (June to August), and spring (September to November).

The most important factors that controls the climate in Chile are the Pacific Anticyclone, the southern circumpolar low pressure area, the cold Humboldt current and the Andes Mountains. Despite Chile\'s long coast, some interior regions may experience wide temperature oscillations and cities such as San Pedro de Atacama, may even experience a continental climate. In the extreme northeast and southeast the border of Chile extends beyond the Andes into the Altiplano and the Patagonian plains, giving these regions climate patterns similar to those seen in Bolivia and Argentina respectively.

Contents 1 Regions 1.1 Dry arid 1.2 Mediterranean 1.3 Temperate oceanic 2 Climate charts for diferent locations of Chile 3 See also 4 Sources 5 References

Regions

Climate	Ecoregion	Natural region
Desert (BWh, BWk)	Atacama desert	Norte Grande
Semi-arid (BWk, BSk, Csa)	Atacama desert, Chilean matorral	Norte Chico
Mediterranean (Csa, Csb)	Chilean matorral	Central Chile
Humid subtropical (Cfa)	Easter Island, Fernandezian Region	-
Temperate oceanic (Cwb)	Valdivian temperate rainforests	Zona Sur, Zona Austral
Subpolar oceanic (Cfc)	Magellanic subpolar forests	Zona Austral
Semi-arid (BSk)	Patagonian Desert	Zona Austral
Alpine	Andes, Central Andean dry puna	all natural regions of Chile
Tundra (ET)	Andes, Central Andean dry puna	all natural regions of Chile
Ice cap (EF)	Northern Patagonian Ice Field, Southern Patagonian Ice Field	Zona Austral

Dry arid

See also: Atacama Desert

The Atacama Desert is the driest non-Arctic place on Earth, and is virtually sterile because it is blocked from moisture on both sides by the Andes mountains and by the Chilean Coast Range. The cold Humboldt Current and the Pacific Anticyclone are essential to keep the dry climate of Atacama Desert. The average rainfall in the Chilean region of Antofagasta is just 1 mm per year. Some weather stations in the Atacama have never received rain. Evidence suggests that the Atacama may not have had any significant rainfall from 1570 to 1971.Wright, John W. (ed.); Editors and reporters of The New York Times (2006). The New York Times Almanac, 2007, New York, New York: Penguin Books, 456. ISBN 0-14-303820-6.  It is so arid that mountains that reach as high as 6,885 metres (22,590 feet) are completely free of glaciers and, in the southern part from 25°S to 27°S, may have been glacier-free throughout the Quaternary — though permafrost extends down to an altitude of 4,400 metres and is continuous above 5,600 metres. Studies by a group of British scientists have suggested that some river beds have been dry for 120,000 years.

Some locations in the Atacama do receive a marine fog known locally as the Camanchaca, providing sufficient moisture for hypolithic algae, lichens and even some cacti. But in the region that is in the "fog shadow" of the high coastal crest-line, which averages 3,000 m height for about 100 km south of Antofagasta, the soil has been compared to that of Mars.

Mediterranean

The climate of Central Chile is of temperate Mediterranean type, with the amount of rainfall increasing considerably and progressively from north to south. In the Santiago area, the average monthly temperatures are about 19.5 °C in the summer months of January and February and 7.5 °C in the winter months of June and July. The average monthly precipitation is no more than a trace in January and February and 69.7 millimeters in June and July. By contrast, in Concepción the average monthly temperatures are somewhat lower in the summer at 17.6 °C but higher in the winter at 9.3 °C, and the amount of rain is much greater. In the summer, Concepción receives an average of twenty millimeters of rain per month; in June and July, the city is pounded by an average of 253 millimeters per month. The numerous rivers greatly increase their flow as a result of the winter rains and the spring melting of the Andean snows, and they contract considerably in the summer. The combination of abundant snow in the Andes and relatively moderate winter temperatures creates excellent conditions for Alpine skiing.

Temperate oceanic

See also: Climate of Valdivia

In Zona Sur and the northern part of Zona Austral the climate is Temperate oceanic. Here the Andean Cordillera intercepts moist westerly winds along the Pacific coast during winter and summer months; these winds cool as they ascend the mountains, creating heavy rainfall on the mountains\' west-facing slopes. The northward-flowing oceanic Humboldt Current creates humid and foggy conditions near the coast. The tree line is at about 2,400 m in the northern part of the ecoregion (35° S), and descends to 1,000 m in the south of the Valdivian region. In the summer the temperature can climb to 62 degrees Fahrenheit (16.5 °C), while during winter the temperature can drop below 45 °F (7 °C).Di Castri F di & E. Hajek 1976. "Bioclimatología de Chile" 163 pages with english summary

Climate charts for diferent locations of Chile

Climate chart for Iquique
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
0   25 18	0   25 18	0   24 17	0   22 15	0.2   20 14	0.1   19 14	0   18 13	0   18 13	0   19 14	0   20 15	0   22 15	0.2   24 17
temperatures in °C • precipitation totals in mm source: [1]
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0   77 64     0   77 64     0   75 62     0   72 59     0   69 57     0   66 56     0   64 56     0   65 56     0   66 57     0   68 58     0   71 60     0   74 62 temperatures in °F • precipitation totals in inches

Climate chart for Antofagasta
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
0   24 17	0   24 17	0   28 16	0   21 14	0   19 13	3   18 11	5   17 11	3   17 11	0   18 12	3   19 13	0   21 14	0   22 16
temperatures in °C • precipitation totals in mm source: [2]
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0   75 63     0   75 63     0   82 61     0   70 57     0   66 55     0.1   64 52     0.2   63 52     0.1   63 52     0   64 54     0.1   66 55     0   70 57     0   72 61 temperatures in °F • precipitation totals in inches

Climate chart for Copiapó
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
0.1   29 14	0   29 14	0.4   28 12	0.6   25 9	0.2   22 7	1.4   21 5	5.2   21 5	2.2   22 7	0.4   24 8	0.7   26 10	0   27 12	0   29 13
temperatures in °C • precipitation totals in mm source: [3][4]
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0   85 58     0   85 58     0   82 54     0   77 49     0   71 45     0.1   69 41     0.2   69 41     0.1   72 44     0   76 46     0   79 50     0   80 53     0   84 55 temperatures in °F • precipitation totals in inches

Climate chart for Santiago
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
0   29 12	3   29 12	5   27 9	13   22 7	58   18 5	79   14 3	76   14 3	53   16 4	28   18 6	13   22 7	5   25 9	5   28 11
temperatures in °C • precipitation totals in mm source: [5]
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0   84 54     0.1   84 54     0.2   81 48     0.5   72 45     2.3   64 41     3.1   57 37     3   57 37     2.1   61 39     1.1   64 43     0.5   72 45     0.2   77 48     0.2   82 52 temperatures in °F • precipitation totals in inches

Climate chart for Linares
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
15   30 12	11   29 12	23   25 9	55   21 6	186   16 6	211   12 5	160   12 3	127   14 4	68   17 5	49   20 7	29   24 9	16   28 12
temperatures in °C • precipitation totals in mm source: [6][7]
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.6   86 54     0.4   84 54     0.9   77 48